Surrogate Mothership in Islam: A Study of Fiqh, Reproductive Genetics, and Contemporary Bioethics

Abstract

This study examines the integration of Islamic Religious Education (PAI) with physiology in midwifery education and its effect on students’ competence in delivering spiritual care. Using an integrative quantitative–qualitative approach, data were collected from 412 midwifery students across six institutions in Indonesia through questionnaires and in-depth interviews. The results show that students’ understanding of Islamic spiritual values is generally good, yet their ability to apply these values in clinical midwifery practice remains moderate. Regression analysis reveals that curriculum integration of PAI and physiology significantly influences students’ spiritual care competence (β = 0.41; p < 0.001), along with understanding of reproductive physiology (β = 0.33; p < 0.01) and teaching quality as the strongest predictor (β = 0.47; p < 0.001). Qualitative findings indicate that PAI materials are still largely theoretical and lack clinical contextualization. The study concludes that systematic integration of religion and physiology through case-based learning and strengthened instructor competence is essential to bridge the gap between theory and practice. This integration enhances students’ promotive–preventive competencies, therapeutic communication, and culturally relevant maternal care.